(I)
all started in Egypt
human beings need to have, and created the numbers, wanted to make calculations and operations defined, made relationships, and determined the numerical properties .
Through the above, plus the use of logic, he got the right tools to resolve problem situations encountered daily.
addition to these practical requirements, the man said to admire the beauty of creation to satisfy your spirit. To that end, observed nature and everything around him. This was devising concepts of forms, shapes, body lines, which gave rise to the part of mathematics which we designate by the name of geometry.
The Nile River
The word geometry is made up of Greek roots: "geo" earth, and "metron" measure, therefore, its meaning is "earth measure."
As history records, the geometric concepts that man devised to explain the nature born-in-a practical way the river Nile in ancient Egypt.
The main causes were having to highlight the limits of coastal land and building dams to channel the water side. This is due to the floods that caused periodic flooding. But the real reason was that the upper classes knew so much planted his subjects and then ... know how much to charge tax.
land to measure the Egyptians aprendierona acalculous the area of \u200b\u200brectangles and triánngulos. Triangles used to measure the string.
The Babylonians
The Babylonians also knew the areas triangles and rectangles models, especially to solve inheritance problems how to distribute the lands among heirs? They also saw areas of pentagons, hexagons and heptagon. But especially studied a lot of circles.
excellent surveyors were they baptized the twelve constellations of the zodiac, dividing each into 30 equal parts. That is, the zodiacal circle divided into 12 x 30 = 360 parts. Remember that they create the sexagesimal numbering system (base 60). This would serve to develop Zodiac calendarioa and almanac: very useful for growing cereals. This means that the geometry created with astronomy.
of them have inherited the division of circumference of 360 degrees and each degree into 60 minutes and each minute into 60 seconds. And the patent of our way of counting time is also yours.
Greeks
scientific Who gave the geometry were the Greeks, incorporating demonstrations based on reasoning.
Thales (600 BC) began this trend, to conceive of the possibility of explaining different geometric principles from simple and obvious truths. CRTEAN is born in Miletus, now Greece, (624 BC-?, 548 BC)
In his youth he traveled to Egypt where he learned geometry of the priests of Memphis, and astronomy, later taught under the name of astrosophy . He was a teacher of Pythagoras and Anaxímedes, and contemporary of Anaximander.
was the first Greek philosopher who attempted to give a physical explanation of the universe, which for him was a rational space despite its apparent disorder. However, did not seek a Creator in such rationality, since for him all born of water, which was the basic element that all things were made. Assumed that the earth floating in an infinite ocean.
In geometry, and based on the knowledge acquired in Egypt, developed a set of general theorems and deductive reasoning from these. This was compiled later by Euclid in his Elements but Such is due to the merit of having introduced into Greece the interest in geometric studies.
was the famous scholar of history fell miara a well by the stars and an elderly woman said "Prertendes observe the stars and do not even see what tienens your feet." also attributed to Thales the history of the mule that was carrying salt and got into the river to dissolve them and lighten their weight; These will remove the bad habit charging it with sponges.
When asked about the reward he wanted for his discoveries answered "I would consider myself well rewarded if others did not attribute my findings, but acknowledge that they are mine."
Pythagoras (582-496 BC) was a native of the island Samos, located in the Aegean Sea. At the time of this philosopher, the island was ruled by the tyrant Polycrates. As the free spirit of Pythagoras could not acquiesce to this form of government, he emigrated to the West, founded in Croton (southern Italy), an association that did not have the character of a philosophical school but a community religious.
For this reason, we can say that the mathematical sciences were born in the Greek world of a corporation in the religious and moral. They came together to perform certain ceremonies, to help each other, and even to live in community.
The Pythagorean School was allowed access to anyone, even women!. At that time, and for a long time and in many villages, women were not admitted to the schools. It is said that Pythagoras married one of the students: Theano.
The symbol of the School of Pythagoras, and by which they recognized each other, was the Pentagon crash, they called Pentalpha (five alphas). In this school was entered after taking the oath at number ten, all documents are kept in spoken and no one could publish them. Playing with stones and formed the square numbers and rectangular numbers. Pythagoras Thales met and became friends. 
For the Pythagoreans, not only the earth was round, but did not occupy the center of the universe. The earth and planets revolved, while the sun-fire around the center or "heart of the Cosmos" (identified with the number one). The world sucks air mass that surrounds unlimited air and speaks as unlimited.
Due to the political influence that had the school at that time, an influence that was contrary to the existing democratic ideas, there was, perhaps, after the year 500 a revolt against them, being beaten and burned their homes. Pythagoras was forced to flee to Taranto, south Italy. Some think that a year later was killed in another popular uprising in Metaponto.
Pythagorean is due to the essentially deductive geometry and the logical sequence of their proposals, qualities that remain to this day. The basis of his philosophy was the science of numbers and the study of geometry. But Pythagoras is famous for having discovered the theorem that bears his name: the Pythagorean theorem. What is this theorem? Simple: the sides of a triangle square Formanoir.
And if we add the squares of the shorter sides of the squares get larger side (also known as the hypotenuse).
Demonstrations Pythagorean Theorem:
http://www.pajarita.org/aep/articulos/ARTIC6-2.PDF
Plato (4 27-348/347 BC) Aristocles Athens, nicknamed Plato (Plátwn = "that of broad-shouldered ") was born, probably, the year 428-427 BC in Athens, or perhaps in Aegina. Belonged to a family noble.El year 399 is the sentencing and death of Socrates. Fearing being bothered by their condition of friend and disciple of Socrates, Plato took refuge in Megara also traveled through Egypt, Sicily and Italy in the company of mathematician Eudoxus.
In the 387 returned to Athens and founded the Academy, the first organized school of philosophy, the origin of the current universities. There remain for twenty years devoted to studying and teaching. He placed at the entrance of the Academy, his famous and significant sentence: "Do not go here do not know geometry" . This and other proposals as "numbers rule the world."
According to Plato, the study of geometry should be started in the following order: 1.-Definiciones2.-Axiomas3.-Postulados4.-TeoremasA this directive Plato adapted mathematicians after him, mainly Euclid .
Platonic Solids, Platonic bodies, bodies cosmic Pythagorean solids or polyhedra of Plato (that all these names are) are characterized as geometric polyhedra convex whose faces are polygons regular equal and whose vertices join the same number of faces . There are five Platonic solids
different
The tetrahedron , four triangular faces;
The hexahedron , or hub, six square faces;
The octahedron , eight triangular faces;
The dodecahedron , twelve pentagonal faces, and
The icosahedron , twenty triangular faces.
represent the five Platonic solids composition and harmony of things. In the Timaeus is said Earth is made of atoms grouped in the form of hexahedral, the fire tetrahedron, air, octahedron, and water of icosahedra. The entire universe is featured in the dodecahedron.
Want to "touch" these polyhedra on the web:
http://www.luventicus.org/articulos/03N023/index.html
also find the templates to cut and assemble!
go into more detail on the blog of polyhedra ...
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